Essay about The Atomic Bomb - 3174 Words

At 8:15 a.m August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped above Hiroshima, killing estimate of 140,000 men, women, and children. Another 10,000 more died from radiation poisoning and survivors suffered from serve burns from the heat. Three days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing some 40,000 instantly and several thousand more from radiation. Even with all this consequences a major question is still debated today. Was it moral to drop the atomic bombs on Japan to save American soldier lives? No, the problems created from the bomb far outweigh the gains because of the number of lives lost, it made the surrounding land uninhabitable, and caused birth defects in future generations. One of the more immediate effects of the†¦show more content†¦It is said nothing can live in these areas for 50 years and still the radiation may not completely disappear. Even though the bomb never really touched the ground it still burned every plant and animal within range. Extreme heat of thermal radiation burs everything in its path, including animals, trees, buildings and people. The effects not only effected land animals but aquatic life too. Scientists found high levels of radioactive contamination in animals, fish, and plants in the surrounding forest and they expect it to remain for decades. The people that survived the blast and radiation received burns, poisoning, and their children were born with birth defects. Kids were born with several kinds of cancer and many other diseases from their parents exposure. These diseases passed on through several generations as time went on. Some people still live with the effects of the atomic weapons used in world war two. Only a hand full of people survived and fought their way to safety. The book Hiroshima by John Hersey talks about six Japanese people that survived their way through the bombing of Hiroshima. Many people like James Burns, an atomic bomb scientist, did not want to use the bomb because it could cause negative effects and sadly, it did. The worst effects of radiation was the ones who lived through it. About 200,000 people died from theShow MoreRelatedThe First Lightning: The First Russian Nuclear Atomic Bomb1060 Words   |  5 Pages29,1949 the first nuclear atomic bomb was dropped known as the â€Å"First Lighti ng.† It was dropped on the testing site in Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. This nuclear bomb was produced by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) also known as the Soviet Union. Igor Kurchatov was the director of the scientific soviet nuclear bomb program. There were two practice rounds two weeks prior to the explosion. 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On August 9, 1945, the B-29 bomber wedged through the clouds in a Japanese city of Nagasaki that unleashed a 22-kiloton plutonium bomb known as â€Å"FatRead MoreAtomic Bomb : The Birth Of The Atomic Bombs2008 Words   |  9 PagesThe Atomic Bomb The birth of the Atomic bombs was during WWII, when the nations around the world were fighting against each other, due to disagreements between one another. At the beginning of the war, America was at a stalemate because they did not want to get involved in the war. Even though they were not involved in the war they were helping friendly allies with food supplies and ammunition. And then there was island to the east of the Korean peninsula, also known as Japan, who suddenly decidedRead More The Atomic Bomb1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe Atomic Bomb Albert Einstein predicted that mass could be converted into energy. This was the basis for the atomic bomb. Throughout this research paper, I will trace the history of the atomic bomb. 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The Cask of Amontillado Free Essays

Literary Devices â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe is a great example of usage of literary devices. Literary devices help the author portray his point. Readers use these devices to analyze and interpret the story. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cask of Amontillado or any similar topic only for you Order Now The use of a literary device provides a punch to the story and gets the reader’s full attention. Literary devices help express a particular idea in a meaningful way. Poe uses irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing to enhance the mind of readers. Irony is usually defined as the difference between what is said and what is really meant. Poe uses extensive irony throughout the story. James Gargano suggests that Poe’s tale presents an ironic vision of the two men. They are surrogates of mankind who enter upon a venture that really exposes their psychological isolation. An example of irony early in the story can be seen when Montresor says, â€Å"My dear Fortunato, you are luckily met† (Poe 2). The irony here is Montresor planned to meet him at the carnival and Fortunato does not know he is not really luckily met. Montresor’s plans are to murder him. Another use of irony is Fortunato’s clothes. Fortunato is known to be a man who is â€Å"rich, respected, and admired† (Poe 3). His clothes are representative of a clown or jester, not the up-standing man he portrays himself to be. James Gargano also states that Montresor, the stalker of Fortunato, is both a compulsive and pursued man; for in committing a flawless crime against another human being, he really commits the worst of crimes against himself. Another way Poe uses literary devices is his use of symbolism. Montresor’s family motto is, â€Å"Nemo me impune lacessit,† means, â€Å"No one insults me with impunity† (Poe 4). The motto suggests that they tolerate no insult and will punish anyone who does so. The punishment is symbolic of Montrsor’s ultimate intention. Also, the use of the Amontillado is a sign of symbolism. The Amontillado is basically the bait. Montresor knows Fortunato takes pride in his knowledge of wine. Montresor says â€Å"I was silly enough to pay the full Amontillado price without consulting you in the matter† (Poe 2). Montresor knows Fortunato’s weakness and uses his knowledge of wine to his advantage. Another use of symbolism is the carnival. The lights sound, and people that surround the carnival make the atmosphere a mad house. The carnival atomsphere is symbolic of the mind frame of Montresor. He is a mad man out solely for revenge. The name Montresor is another use of symbolism. In French Montresor means â€Å"My Treasure. † The crime Montresor plans to commit is his treasure. It almost seems he takes much pride in his plans. The name Fortunato means â€Å"Fortunate. † As we all know, Fortunato is far from fortunate. He fell into the hands of the man who controls his life, and his life is eventually taken from him. Poe also uses foreshadowing in the story. Foreshadowing is when an element in a story is used to suggest that an event will occur. Foreshadowing can be seen in the title, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado. â€Å"Cask† is known to stand for casket, which refers to where a person lies after he/she pass. In the end of the story, Fortunato is buried alive. Another foreshadowing event occurs in the opening statement â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as best I could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge† (Poe 1) . Montressor let the readers know the entire plot of the story basically. This statement foreshadows the death of Fortunato. Also, a foreshadowing event occurs when Fortunato starts coughing and states, â€Å"The cough is a mere nothing; it will not kill me. I shall not die of a cough. â€Å"True-true,† replied Montresor (Poe 3). Montresor reveals early on that Fortunato has a weak point for wine. Montresor using his knowledge of Fortuanto’s love for wine is a example of foreshadowing. Literary devices in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† help readers get a better understanding of important facts. The plot, characters, themes, and conclusion are just some of the main points literary devices reveal. Knowing how to read the story, while understanding the literary devices is important. Poe did a remarkable job at providing readers with different ways to understand and interpret irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing. Works Cited Gargano, James W. â€Å"’ The Cask of Amontillado’: A Masquerade of Motive and Identity† Studies in Short Fiction, Vol, IV, No-2, Winter, 1967 119-26. Rpt. In Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna Sheets Nesbitt. Vol 35. Gale Group, Detroit: 2000, 311-314. Print. Gargano, James. â€Å"Delusion in the Story. † â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado. † Philadelphia; Chelsea House Publishing, 1998. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts on File Inc. Web. 5 March 2013. http://www. fofweb. com Poe, Edgar Allen. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado. † 40 Short Stories: A Portable Anthology. Ed. Beverly Lawn. 4Th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2013 14-20. Print How to cite The Cask of Amontillado, Essay examples The Cask of Amontillado Free Essays Irony Analysis of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe, the main character named Montresor is set out for revenge. Montresor’s only concern is to get revenge on the man who has wronged him named Fortuanto. Montresor never states why Fortunato deserves to be punished. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cask of Amontillado or any similar topic only for you Order Now The only statement Montresor makes is that Fortunato â€Å"causes him a thousand injuries† until â€Å"venturing upon insult. † (Poe, Online) Montresor plans to take out his revenge by burying Fortunato alive. Montresor carries out each detail while he smiles at his victim. Montresor doesn’t smile at the thought of Fortunato’s â€Å"immolation† but because of viciousness. (Sweet Jr. Online) Montresor smiles because he believes the sacrifice of Fortunato will bring him a great reward. Fortunato is ironically the â€Å"mirror self† of Montresor (Sweet Jr. Online). Montresor’s desire to bury Fortunato alive â€Å"paints the psychological portrait of repression† (Sweet Jr. Online). The burial of Fortunato represses Montresor’s evil nature and puts him at peace. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Edgar Allan Poe uses irony to develop his theme of seeking salvation through repression. Poe uses Fortunato’s name ironically to symbolize one personality between Montresor and Fortunato. Though Fortunato means â€Å"the fortunate one† in Italian, Fortuanto meets an unfortunate fate as the victim Montresor’s overall revenge plot. (Stott, Online) Therefore, the Fortunato side of Montresor symbolizes fortune. Montresor’s desire is to repress Fortunato. Since â€Å"the love of money is the root of all evils,† a fortune would â€Å"plunge a man into ruin and destruction† (1Timothy 6:9-10). The Fortunato side of Montresor’s personality wants to have wealth. The wealth Fortunato receives makes him both respected and feared. (Poe, Online) By having wealth, Fortunato causes Montresor â€Å"a thousand injuries†(Poe, Online). When Fortunato’s wealth gains the fear of others, he â€Å"ventures upon insulting God† (Poe, Online). When a â€Å"man seeks greed for gain, he curses and renounces the Lord† (Psalms 10:3). Montresor needs to repress Fortunato to protect his soul from damnation. (Stott, Online) The only way Montresor can protect himself is to get rid of Fortunato. Montresor can repress the aspect of his personality which insults God by burying Fortunato alive. Fortunato, ironically despite his name, faces a very unfortunate fate at the hands of Montresor. Montresor’s name translation similar to Fortunato’s in two ways. In French Montresor’s name â€Å"combines the words montrer and sort meaning to show fate† (Clendenning, Online). Montresor shows Fortunato his fate but Fortunato â€Å"receives no utterance to a threat† about his fate. (Poe, Online) When Montresor shows Fortunato his fate of being buried alive it demonstrates that Fortunato’s live burial is an act of repression. The second French translation for Montersor is â€Å"my treasure†. Through punishing Fortunato Montresor believes he can have the treasure of purity and salvation. Fortunato’s dress is ironic for a man with his stature in society. Fortunato is a man with stature who is â€Å"rich, respected, and admired† (Poe, Online). Fortunato wears a â€Å"tight-fitting parti-striped dress, and his head is surmounted by the conical cap and bells† for the carnival. † (Poe, Online). Instead of the cap representing Christ’s crown of thorns, the cap represents Satan’s role as â€Å"Prince of Fools† (Pittman, Online). Through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, Christians were able to receive salvation. Through Fortunato’s sacrifice, Montresor will seek salvation. Montresor dresses more like a priest for the carnival season. â€Å"Montresor’s black roquelaire symbolizes a priest’s black cope worn during a funeral mass. † (Cooney, Online) Montresor dresses for the occasion that he is going to bury Fortunato. Montresor’s attire suggests that the repression of Fortunato will have an important spiritual reward. Through the repression of Fortunato, Montresor will reach salvation. The carnival setting ironically suggests a time for sin. â€Å"The carnival season consists of the last indulgences in the pleasures of the flesh† (Pittman, Online). Fortunato’s sin of abundantly drinking makes Montresor‘s plan easy to carry out. â€Å"The word carnival can be translated in Italian meaning to put away the flesh which demonstrates symbolic irony of Montresor’s intent for Fortunato† (Clendenning, Online). Montresor can make himself free of sin and worthy of salvation by repressing the sinfulness of Fortunato. The catacombs are an ironic symbol of the way Montresor thinks. The repression begins when Montresor takes Fortunato into his family catacombs with the promise of Amontillado wine. The catacombs are â€Å"lined with human remains† and that suggests generational family troubles (Poe, Online). Fortunato keeps going farther and farther into the catacombs with only his sinful thoughts of being able to drink more wine, not knowing he is moving closer and closer to his fate of being buried alive. The wall symbolizes the finish of the repression of Fortunato. â€Å"Ironically, the wall forms Fortunato’s burial crypt. (Sweet Jr. , Online) Salvation can only happen when sins are repented. Once Fortunato yells â€Å"For the love of God, Montresor! ,† Montresor says â€Å"Yes, . . . for the love of God! † (Poe, Online). Montresor believes that Fortunato’s repression shows his love for God and demonstrates Montresor reaching salvation. The cask symbolizes a confession. Montresor tells the story fifty years later in a confe ssion tone. â€Å"When Montresor says, â€Å"You, who so well know the nature of my soul,† he implies a priest receives his confession† (Sweet Jr. , Online). Montresor believes that Fortunato’s burial was done in good. Montresor has no remorse as he confesses but, he still confesses. â€Å"Montresor’s conscience knows Fortunato’s burial is an evil deed. † (Sweet Jr. , Online) Montresor ends by saying â€Å"In pace requiescat† (Poe, Online). â€Å"Montresor’s prayer suggests that he desires relief from guilt, not forgiveness for a crime† (Sweet Jr. 11). The feeling of salvation Montresor seeks through his confession doesn‘t happen. â€Å"For a confession to receive absolution, the confessor must demonstrate the conviction of remorse. (Sweet Jr. , Online) Montresor is unable to achieve the salvation he seeks through the repression of Fortunato. The Amontillado symbolizes Christ’s blood in communion. Christ’s blood offers the salvation that Montresor seeks. The Amontillado may lead Fortunato to his burial but it symbolizes the salvation Montresor wants to gain through repr ession. Fortunato wants to drink the wine out of pride and lust while Montresor sees the wine as something that brings him the bond of communion and the reward of salvation. Edgar Allan Poe’s uses ironic symbols throughout â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado. † The ironic symbols helped him develop the theme of seeking salvation through repression. Fortunato’s character was able to represent man’s flesh and how people easily give in to the sins of the flesh while Montresor represents how man seeks salvation through acts of repression. Fortunato represents the side of Montresor that should confess but Montresor chooses to bury Fortunato which leads to the failure of his own salvation. How to cite The Cask of Amontillado, Essay examples The Cask of Amontillado Free Essays The Cask of Amontillado† Unexpected Endings In â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† there are several themes shown throughout the short story. There are only two main characters in the story, and each shows their way of betrayal. The entire story is based on betrayal, and lies. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cask of Amontillado or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fortunado is betrayed by Monresor, who in the end, kills this intoxicated man. Montresor was supposedly betrayed by Fortunado, a story of which we are never told. Finally, we as the reader are betrayed by the narrator, because we are given so few details and logic to back up the story. Fortunado, Montresor, and the reader are betrayed throughout the short story, â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado†. Throughout the story, Montresor betrays Fortunado. He asks Fortunado to come into his catacombs aware that he would be killing him. He taunts Fortunado by asking him if he want to go back, because he is sick. Montresor does so when saying â€Å"‘Come,’ I said, with decision, ‘we will go back; your health is precious†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Poe 535) However, when Fortunado insists he comes to taste the amontillado, he is once again betrayed by Montresor when he drinks more of his wine. He becomes overly intoxicated and once again, is able to be taken advantage of. The entire walk through the catacombs Montresor betrays Fortunado by lying to him and taunting him about being sick. At the end of the story Montresor traps Fortunado by building him into a small shackled space. â€Å"A succession of loud and shrill screams, bursting suddenly from the throat of the chained form, seemed to thrust me back violently† (Poe 536). According to Chad Dyer â€Å"The story is written in the form of confession, its reader learning of Montresour’s vengeful deed fifty years after its execution. † (Dyer). When Montresor kills Fortunando he commits not only a huge crime but a betrayal that is unbelievable to most people. Furtunado is a simpler, less obvious betrayer. He is mentioned in the very beginning cause a â€Å"thousand injuries† (Poe 533) causing Montresor to â€Å"vow upon revenge† (Poe 533). Despite all the wrongdoing of Montresor, Fotunado was the beginning, and cause of it all. â€Å"It must be understood, that neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunado cause to doubt my good will† (Poe 533). As the editorial team on Shmoop claims, â€Å"Fortunado betrays himself by not paying enough attention to his surroundings†. Shmoop Editorial Team). Fortunado was so severely intoxicated he didn’t stop to notice the dead bodies surrounding him in the catacombs, not the fact that he was with a man he has never been friendly with. He allowed himself to continually drink from the wine his enemy was providing without even the thought that it could be deadly. In the beginning of the story, Montresor tells us â€Å"The thousand injuries of Furtunado I had borne as best I could†¦ † (Poe 533) We however are never given any type of proof of what Fortunado had done to hurt Montrsor as much as he claims. We are never given an explanation, or even a slight clue of the wrongdoing Fortunado had caused. This leaves one to suggest that maybe the narrator was telling us a complete lie. The story was written to keep us guessing. Throughout the entire walk through the catacombs, we had no clue what they were truly walking through. We were given vague descriptions of the bodies lining the walls. When he describes building the brick wall to trap Furtunado, he describes it in a very undetailed description. Montresor shows betrayal, as well as Fortunado, and the narrator. This proves it to be a common theme throughout the story. It is shown through Montresor when he betrays Fortunado multiple times. When he kills Fortunado, he lies to him throughout the story, and plans to kill him before he even agrees to drink wine with him. Fortunado’s betrayal, although never explained, is the beginning of all the betrayal throughout the story. He has hurt Montresor in a way so badly Montresor feels his only escape it to kill Fortunado. As the reader were betrayed throughout the entire story. We are told multiple things throughout the story, but nothing is ever proven. We have to assume the narrator is telling us the truth. The theme betrayal is shown dramatically through Poe’s eyes. Works Cited Dyer, Chad M. Edgar Allen Poes The Cask Of Amontillado. Diss. Ball State, 1992. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. Web. lt;https://cardinalscholar. bsu. edu/bitstream/handle/190175/1/D94_1991DyerChadM. pdfgt;. Poe, Edgar A. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. Print. Riggs, Kait. How to cite The Cask of Amontillado, Papers

Cultural Influences

Question: Discuss the different type of culturalinfluence in organizations. Answer: 1.0 Introduction When dealing with global business, organizations has to deal with different type of cultural differences in which they operate. It would be effective for the global organizations in positively responding to different cultures in term of business communication (Griffith Dimitrova, 2014). This practice makes global business to survive for a longer period of time. The organization that is chosen as example for this study is Coca Cola Amatil (CCA), which is the largest food and beverage organization in Australia. With successfully handing local business, the organization also operates in five other countries namely New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Indonesia and Fiji (Coca-Cola Amatil, 2016). The people in these countries pose separate culture that is different from each other and it influence the business operation of this organization. The study will describe four cultural influences that influence the business operation of this organization. Effective information technology offer s business new avenues for allowing them in remaining competitive in local as well as international market. Apart from that, the study will also analyze the ways technology has changed the landscape of Coca Cola Amatil in operating in overseas market. 2.0 Four cultural influences In this modern era, almost every company including small scale or large-scale organization is trying to have a global reach around the world. Communication and cultural differences are always there, while organizations try to involve in trading with other foreign country. Apart from that, the employees of the international organizations may face various cultural differences in their work environment due to cross-cultural differences. Culture is collective programming in the mind of people that makes one group of people different from other group of people (Pudelko et al., 2014). In many cases, business operations are hampered because organizations do not take time in understating different cultures of people international market in which they operate. Coca Cola is the largest food and beverage organization that provides non-alcoholic ready to drink beverage. It operates in over five countries and thus, different cultures of those countries influence greatly the business of this organ ization (Kossek et al., 2015). Following are the main four cultural influences that influence Coca Cola Amatil in operating overseas. 2.1 Communicational culture Though it can be seen that, Australian people are down and to earth and speak politely, they are sarcastic and like to use humor in their language. This nature of Australian culture has made difficult for Coca Cola Company in operating in overseas business. It has been found that the people of Australia do not initially like to welcome people because of sustaining privacy in the business. In this context, when Coca Cola Amatil operates in New Zealand and Fiji, the people feels is difficult in sharing information, as the people of these two countries are very friendly and open minded (Brouthers, 2013). Apart from that, the organization also faces language differences in operating in overseas market. It has been found that in case of operating in the market of Fiji and Indonesia, the organization faces language barrier, as these countries do not use English as their main language. The main language of Fiji is Fijian and therefore, it is very difficult for the employees of this organiza tion to understand the Fijian language (Clampit et al., 2015). The case is same for Indonesia in understanding Indonesian language of the country. According to Ramsey et al., (2014), the sense of irony of Australian employee of Coca Cola Amatil may not be welcoming to people in other countries when making business in those countries. On the other hand, the accent with which the people of Australia speak their English is quite different from other countries in which they operate their business. Thus, when the organization send their employee from their home country to other country, the language may not be understandable to all the employees in those countries. On the other hand, Beugelsdijk et al., (2015) opined that Australians are very mindful in the sense that they are not willing to impress others by showing that they are better than others are. For this reason, the marketing strategies that Coca Cola use in this country is smooth and do not use aggressive sense marketing strategy. On the other hand, the people of New Zealand are very much tended to take part in competition. Due to this culture of people, all the organizati ons in this country make tough competition among them showing ones priority over others (Wood Wilberger, 2015). Therefore, the organization follows aggressive marketing strategy in this country for remaining competitive among competitor organization. Apart from that, in Indonesia people like group thinking that means any group work is preferred in this country. Due to this nature of people in Indonesia, individual business is not preferred in this country. Therefore, being an individual business, the CCA has to follow unique product strategy for ensuring the strength of individual business (Eckman et al., 2015). 2.2 Religion Difference Religion influences organizations in several ways, while operating in overseas market. Religion is an important culture that shapes the behavior of the people. Generally, the people of Australia is a multicultural society and people have right to choose any religion. According to Wilken et al., (2013) the people do not have to face criticism upon selection of religion. In this context, when the employees of this organization are sent to New Zealand, they may face criticism if they do not hold Christian language. Christian culture of Australia and New Zealand, facilitate Coca Cola in increasing the production and commercial activities, as the people in this religion tend to be give ideas in business activities. On the other hand, Chang et al., (2013) opined that Buddhist and Hindu religion in Fiji influence the business of this organization as, the people from these religions are not that much tended in business activity. According to Lu and Fan, (2015), the promotional activity of th e organization is also influenced according to different occasion of different religion in the international markets. For example, in New Zealand and Australia, Coca Cola tend to promote their products through highlighting the Christmas Occasion, but on the other hand, in case of Fiji, the organization has to promote their products through highlighting Hindu and Buddhist occasions. It has been found that though Indonesia is a multi religion country, majority of people in this country are Muslim. On the other hand, Caligiuri and Lundby, (2015) opined that employees having different religions are employed in CCA; most of them are Christian who come from their home country Australia. In this situation, when there is the event of Christmas party, Christian people remain engaged in being alcoholic as it is their prime festival. In such circumstances, employees from another religion do not really like this festival. Apart from that, there are many Muslim employees in CCA, who dislikes dri nks and thus, these employees become demoralized (Dunning, 2013). 2.3 Business Relationship Generally, the businesspersons of Australia apply their shrewdness in making business relationship for checking whether the business will be sustainable or not. In this way, the owner of Coca Cola Company also thinks very crucially for making any business deal with other organization. According to Oxtorp, (2014), the organization do not have the tendency to share too much information at the first meeting of business deal for protecting important information from new person. On the other hand, Drnevich and Croson, (2013) opined that the people of New Zealand and Indonesia do not welcome this culture and therefore, pose high chance of cancelation business deal in the first meeting. In Australia, Coca Cola do not discriminate between male employees and female employees. They give equal opportunity to all of the employees including male and female employees. This culture often does not match with the culture of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea because in these countries people do not give priority to women employees (Lu Fan, 2015). In this situation, if the organization sent any female employee to make business deal with any organization of these two countries, they feel uncomfortable in giving priority to that female employee. 2.4 Dress Code In Australia, Coca Cola Amatil does not generally pose too much conservation in the dress code matter of the employees. According to Caligiuri and Lundby, (2015), the people Australia are not very formal in their business meeting, but the dress code of the employees of Coca Cola Amatil is conservative and the employees wear formal dress in the workplace. The male employees of CCA in Australia tend to wear dark colored conservative business suit in the workplace and business meeting. On the other hand, Wood and Wilberger, (2015) opined that in Indonesia and Fiji the employees have to wear strict conservative dress. In this kind of business culture, the employees of CCA from Australia face lot of issues in accommodating with it. The employees always have to wear cotton wear because of hot weather of the country. Apart from that, the female employees this country has to wear conservatively that will ensure that the employees are covered with ankle to neck (Griffith Dimitrova, 2014). In this case, any employee shifted from Australia to these countries, face lot of dress related issue. The female employees are also restricted to wear any type of tight fitting cloths and thus, create the employees from Australia of CCA uncomfortable with the culture of Indonesia and Fiji (Lu Fan, 2015). 3.0 Influence of technology According to Narula, (2014), technology focused organization are more likely do success international business in foreign markets. On the other hand, Al-Abed et al., (2014) opined that technology also facilitate overseas business in developing value added products. With the help of technological advancement, international organizations around the world have become able to flourish in their business. The evidence of technological blessing can be evidently seen in case overseas business operation of Coca Cola Amatil. It has changed the landscape of the organization in operating overseas. Coca Cola has signed a plan with IBM for providing cloud-computing software in the organization (Lee et al., 2012). The deal has brought operational agility in CCA because of adopting cloud software in the organization. With the blessing of cloud computing software in the organization, the employees from different countries of this organization can access the information regarding the business from dif ferent place with greater flexibility. According to Prajogo and Olhager, (2012), disaster recovery option of cloud software has helped this organization in creating data recovery system that in turn has reduced the cost and time of the organization in engaging third party for keeping back up of information. On the other hand, vom Brocke et al., (2014) opined that Cloud computing has also helped the organization in automatically updating the software so that the stakeholders of the organization can get updated information. Coca Cola Amatil has also implemented Enterprise Resource System (ERP) in their organization that is one of the most recognizable blessings of technology. This ERP system has made the organization to make centralized local and global data. The ERP system has given ample of opportunities to the organization for drilling out highly specific data of every local unit and international unit in which it operates (Park Choi, 2014). Thus, this technology has made it easier in aggregating all the international data into one singly system for a better control over it. According to Caligiuri and Lundby, (2015), with the coordination viewpoint of business, ERP has given the organization an opportunity to coordinate every single sale, manufacturing and distribution unit both globally and locally for checking whether each stakeholder in supply chain department is working in coordination with other or not. On the other hand, Drnevich and Croson, (2013) opined that ERP system has also enabled the o rganization in managing cost for complex supply chain. Most important aspect of this technology is that it facilitates the organization in getting visibility over the financial aspect of every local and global business unit. According to Prajogo and Olhager, (2012), as an international organization, Coca Cola Amatil has to different exchange rate and currency of different organization that is difficult to handle properly. ERP act as the facilitator for this organization in translating the currency and presenting it in local currency so that they can easily calculate the cost and benefit associated with global business (Park Choi, 2014). One of the toughest task of global business is ensuring that the product is shipped in right place where it is intended to place.UPS service has helped the organization in checking the estimated cost and associated international rules and regulations regarding the shipment of products. The is the blessing of GPS and UPS software through which the organization can easily track the goods under shipment and thus, loss of products in international shipment is minimized (Wood Wilberger, 2015). The organization can also check the shipping time of the goods and thus, flow of consistency of raw material in the inventory of the organization. With the help of this GPS system, the organization can also maintain good relationship with the vendor group, as the organization can ensure that their goods are being shipped as per the schedule of the organizational process. With help of technology, the organization makes online payment to overseas vendor and third parties through online portal. Apart from that, the organization can also receive payment from overseas parties through online payment system (Drnevich Croson, 2013). It also facilitates the organization in paying the employees working over overseas market. With the use of technological tools like Skype and Google voice, the organization can arrange business meeting with other international units that reduces time and cost of the organization. With the instant messaging features of Skype, the organization becomes able to keep in touch with the international staffs (Prajogo Olhager, 2012). The organization can also check the progress of the projects in the international markets and ask questions regarding the problem faced in the project so that they can send instant document for solving the problem. It is an efficient of replacement of face-to-face meeting, which is very much useful in to conduct meeting with overseas employees (vom Brocke et al., 2014). It also reduces the time of cost of the organization in terms of business travel. According to Prajogo and Olhager, (2012), social media is another technological aspect that facilitates the organization in promoting their products in international market and reaching o larger group of people in shortest period of time. Social media also empowers the word of mouth promotional strategy of the organization. With the help of social media channels, the customers can share their opinion regarding the product features with their friends in the social networks and can also suggest them to buy the products. Thus, it has effectively increases the promotional effectiveness of the organization by increasing customer database. On the other hand, Al-Abed et al., (2014) opined that social media can also acts as a platform of customer feedback system. Through this social media site, global customers can post their comment and suggest improvement over the product that also minimizes the cost of the company. Technology has also helped CCA in outsourcing some of their department in another country. Thus, the organization has become able to get cheaper labor and low rate tax over the business that has enabled then in getting greater profit coming out of the business operation (Lee et al., 2012). Many technological tools provide commercial services that provide country specific market research and trade statistic information that facilitates the organization in changing the business policies according to the market condition of different countries (Drnevich Croson, 2013). According to vom Brocke et al., (2014), one of other aspects that has shaped the strength of this organization is use of electronic commerce in the business operation. The organization outsourced the electronic commerce service in which the customer can directly order for their drinks and get the order to be delivered by sitting at their home. On the other hand, Park and Choi, (2014) opined that e-commerce and electronic data exchange helps the organization in providing important information to the suppliers as well as the customers. Electronic data exchange has also minimized the pressure of paperwork by introducing the exchange of data electronically. In this way, it is very much helpful in keeping huge data of to be stored electronically. Not only storing data electronically, the data also stored with high degree of security. Thus, unethical access of data by unauthorized person is prevented by ensuring high level of security (Drnevich Croson, 2013). It also facilitates the organ ization in making strong relationship with global traders, through providing accurate and timely information. 4.0 Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Coca Cola Amatil operates in five countries with facing different cultural barriers. It has been found that in Australia, people generally use English language, but in Fiji and Indonesia, the people generally speak Fijian and Indonesian Language. Therefore, the business faces language differences in operating over these countries. Apart from that, the organization has also to customize the promotional activity in different countries according to the main religious occasion of those countries. The use of sarcasm of the Australia people is not always welcoming in other countries. Thus, the organization sometime faces misunderstanding in business operation. On the other hand, the organization is also influenced by culture in terms of dress code. It has been found that the female employees of CCA who are shifted from Australia to Indonesia faced dress issues because of highly strict restriction of this country on dress codes. It has been fo und that technology has strongly shaped the integration of global business operated by the organization. The use of cloud computing system has given the organization in accessing organizational information from anywhere in the world. Apart from that, the blessing of enterprise resource system has also helped the organization in coordinating each unit of global business into a single unit. References Al-Abed, M. S., Ahmad, Z. A., Adnan, M. A. (2014). Technology Transfer Performance and Competitive Advantage: Evidence from Yemen.Asian Social Science,10(3), 195. Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., Onrust, M., van Hoorn, A., Slangen, A. (2015). Cultural distance in international business and management: from mean-based to variance-based measures.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(2), 165-191. Brouthers, K. D. (2013). A retrospective on: Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance.Journal of International Business Studies,44(1), 14-22. Caligiuri, P., Lundby, K. (2015). Developing Cross-Cultural Competencies Through Global Teams. InLeading Global Teams(pp. 123-139). Springer New York. Chang, W. W., Yuan, Y. H., Chuang, Y. T. (2013). The relationship between international experience and cross-cultural adaptability.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), 268-273. Clampit, J., Kedia, B., Fabian, F., Gaffney, N. (2015). Offshoring satisfaction: The role of partnership credibility and cultural complementarity.Journal of World Business,50(1), 79-93.

The Tragedy Of Puddnhead Wilson monologue Essay Example For Students

The Tragedy Of Puddnhead Wilson monologue Essay A monologue from the book by Mark Twain NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Tragedy of Pudd\nhead Wilson And The Comedy Of Those Extraordinary Twins. Mark Twain. Hartford: American Publishing Co., 1894. WILSON: The judge and his late wife never had any children. The judge and his wife were past middle age when this treasure fell into their lap. One must make allowances for a parental instinct that has been starving for twenty-five or thirty years. It is famished, it is crazed with hunger by that time, and will be entirely satisfied with anything that comes handy; its taste is atrophied, it can\t tell mud cat from shad. A devil born to a young couple is measurably recognizable by them as a devil before long, but a devil adopted by an old couple is an angel to them, and remains so, through thick and thin. Tom is this old man\s angel; he is infatuated with him. Tom can persuade him into things which other people can\tnot all things; I don\t mean that, but a good manyparticularly one class of things: the things that create or abolish personal partialities or prejudices in the old man\s mind. The old man liked both of you. Tom conceived a hatred for you. That was enough; it turned the ol d man around at once. The oldest and strongest friendship must go to the ground when one of these late-adopted darlings throws a brick at it. It ain\t philosophyit\s a fact. And there is something pathetic and beautiful about it, too. I think there is nothing more pathetic than to see one of these poor old childless couples taking a menagerie of yelping little worthless dogs to their hearts; and then adding some cursing and squawking parrots and a jackass-voiced macaw; and next a couple of hundred screeching songbirds, and presently some fetid guinea pigs and rabbits, and a howling colony of cats. It is all a groping and ignorant effort to construct out of base metal and brass filings, so to speak, something to take the place of that golden treasure denied them by Nature a child. We will write a custom essay on The Tragedy Of Puddnhead Wilson monologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Porter Five Forces essays

Porter Five Forces essays In the mid 1990s, Cisco Systems was the dominant player in the US router market and its leadership was undisputed . However, this position was altered with the entry of several new competitors into the high performance segment of this market. In particular, Juniper emerged as a serious threat to Cisco by the year 2000. The backdrop to the emergence of these new competitors was the rapid expansion of the internet and a corresponding escalation in demand for high performance routers. The new entrants had concluded that a high performance segment within the IP router market would emerge with Cisco or without it. This paper examines the usefulness of Porters Five Forces approach in understanding the new entrants into the router market in the late 1990s, and concludes that the approach is useful in identifying that the industry was attractive to new entrants, but does not clearly explain the dynamics that supported the new entrants into the market. Porters Five Forces (Router Market) New entrants faced large capital requirements for product development as router technology was complex and took time to develop. However, this capital was being readily supplied to new entrants by venture capitalists and, in Junipers case, technology heavyweights. Cisco had a strong brand recognition and reputation (Nobody ever got fired for buying from Cisco) . It also had the cost advantages associated with market experience (Cisco dominates the market, because if youre not participating in the internet you dont get the lessons in seeing how the software needs to evolve) . In addition, a new entrant was faced with building economies of scale to cover high start up costs. However, there was scope to overcome these disadvantages by focussing on product performance and reliability (as Juniper did). Further, there is n ...

Acceptance of Differences

It is clear that America would like all of its citizens and residents to learn to accept differences between people.   As an example, the philosophy of teaching students with disabilities has been changing.   Separated from regular students at first, they must now be moved into classrooms with the rest.   In these classrooms, regular students learn to respect those who are different from themselves and students with disabilities improve their social skills (Ripley, 1997). At the same time, business organizations of America are required to learn diversity management.   At the governmental level, we now have the first black president in the White House.   However, as soon as President Barack Obama stepped into the White House he had to state that America is not an enemy of Muslims. Seeing that there was a need for the American president to make that statement reveals that our nation still needs to accept differences between people based on religion.    To support AmericaAmericans in accepting these differences, the government is required to change its political framing with regard to the Muslim world.   It is a known fact that political framing reflects through the media.   The government should work with the media to further resolve the misunderstandings between America and Muslims.   Americans are, after all, tired of wars. Response to Classmate’s Post: Your responses are all positive, and I agree that it is essential to applaud our nation for the leaps it has taken forward to end racism.   All the same, you have failed to answer the Muslim question that President Obama addressed during his first month in office.   I appreciated that you mentioned the role of media in ending stereotyping and supporting people in the acceptance of difference.   Yet, I cannot deny the fact that our nation needs to take greater leaps forward not only to become fully accepting of differences between people but also to become a model for other societies working on eradicating problems related to racism. References Ripley, S. (1997, Jul). Collaboration between General and Special Education Teachers. ERIC Digest.

Three Ted Talks Wk 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Three Ted Talks Wk 1 - Essay Example hin the social setting, it is not acceptable that the marketing ambitions of businesses must be made to override their social responsibilities (Shrivastava & Berger, 2010). Whiles discussing this all important topic, the two Michaels seemed to have diverging but equally practical views. For Porter, he sees businesses as being in a better position to tackling social problems. This is something that Porter believes must not be difficult to do while generating salaries and tax money. Sandel on the other hand feels that there is being enormous monetization of our culture. His fear is that once this happens then businesses can buy their ways through social problems by paying off for these. From a personal reflective perspective, it would be said that even though the monetization of our culture may generally not be a good idea, it should not be a reason to hold businesses accountable for their abilities to tackle social problems as Porter outlines. This is because as it has been indicated earlier, businesses are no longer in a marketplace that is detached from the larger society but rightly attached to the social setting in which they

Should China be promoting big business groups Pick several groups to Essay

Should China be promoting big business groups Pick several groups to show why or why not, using contrasts, in the context of th - Essay Example   Smyth et al.,  2004). Within the sector of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) the development of  large scale enterprises has been progressing  (Nolan,  2001; Nolan, 2002). The policy makers in the country and the organizational leaders have made immense endeavour to nurture large  enterprise  groups. These leaders have aspired to upgrade these groups and transform  them  into  internationally  competitive  transnational  corporations (Sutherland, 2007). Such unorthodox development bore fruit and led to the outstanding growth for the country (Nolan, 2001). The China miracle: an overview China has exhibited significant growth for the last three decades, which has attracted attention of the developed countries. The tempo at which the country has transformed itself from being a peasant society to an industrial powerhouse, guarantees that the country has the potential to achieve a growth rate of several times greater than the current rate. If things continue in th is pattern, China might surpass the present advanced countries of the western world (Krugman, 1994). Economic development had been initiated in China around 30 years before and the outcome is miraculous. The GDP growth rate in China on average has reached 9.8 percent in 2010 (Lin, 2010). It has surpassed the rate foreseen by analysts in 1980s and 1980s. These reforms had been initiated by Deng Xiaoping with the goal of increasing the GDP of the Chinese economy by four times within a span of twenty years. The vision with which Xiaoping had launched this reform was to achieve a 7.2 percent annual growth rate for the economy. Since 1979, China’s economic performance has improved at a massive rate. In 1979 the country’s â€Å"trade as a percentage of GDP was only 9.5 percent† (Lin, 2010), while by 2010, China has reserved for itself the position of the highest exporting country in the world and the third largest country in terms of imports. At present the countryâ⠂¬â„¢s trade contributes approximately 70 percent of the country’s GDP. In this span of 30 years, 600 million Chinese residents have been brought out of poverty through this dazzling economic growth (Lin, 2010). The development path followed by China after the reforms of 1979 has been devised by the policy makers keeping in mind the real scenario of the country. It has therefore been possible to implement these policies successfully. While some contemporary economies had tried to bring radical changes or treat the economy with shock therapy, the effects of these changes have not been holistically beneficial for these economies. China has therefore been able to take exceptionally huge strides of performance and has moved ahead of most other developing nations of the world. This rapid growth experienced by the Chinese economy for thirty years at a stretch and the consequent sustainable improvement in the standard of living of its population of 1.3 billion has been termed by res earchers and observers as â€Å"the China Miracle† (Liming, n.d.). By avoiding radical reforms and by following a step by step process of transformation the economy has been able to bypass the negative impacts of change and avoid striking social unrest within the country. The process of China’s transition China has primarily been an agrarian society. With industrial revolution the economy faced a speedy movement away from the traditional agricultural society in which almost 85

Comparing America’s Economy in the 1920s and the Current Economic Situation Essay Example for Free

Comparing America’s Economy in the 1920s and the Current Economic Situation Essay Few periods in America have influenced the current government structure, size, and economy rather than the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† and the â€Å"Great Depression†. At the beginning of the 1920s, the United States was converting from wartime to peace time economy at the time weapons for World War I were no longer useful. In this decade, America became the richest nation in the world and a culture of consumerism was born. People spent money for better roads, tourism, and holiday resorts. Real estates booms sent land prices soaring (DeLong, 1997). Looking at technology, it played a vital role in delivering the economic and cultural good times that most of America enjoyed during the 1920s. The automobile’s popularity, construction of roads and highways, poured fresh public funds into the economy. This resulted to tremendous economic prosperity. Technology enhanced communication with the first public station being established, KDKA, the year 1922 introduced the first movie made with sound- The Jazz singer. It is in this time that the United States became a modern middle-class economy of radios, consumer appliances, automobiles and suburbs. Mass production had made the United States the richest society the world had ever seen (DeLong, 1997). The economy today seems to negate the glory it received in the 1920s. According to Leonhardt (2010), it produced $ 15 trillion worth of goods and services in 2008 in estimates, making it the largest in the world. The US economy however has shown a downward trend since in 2007, it began to slow significantly mainly because of a real-estate slump and other financial problems that has led the economy into a recession. The recession continued up to early 2009, making it the longest one in decades. August 2009 came with some hope with the Federal Reserve Bank’s policy-making committee saying that they believed the recession was ending. The bank cautioned that the recovery would be slow and there was a possibility that unemployment was to remain high for another year. The year 2010 is seen as the year of severe economic contraction. According to Whitney (2010), reports in the financial media believe that the effects of ongoing credit contraction and the massive injection of the central bank liquidity have prevented the collapse of financial markets. A lot is still to be done in order to leverage households and stimulate the general economic activity. The financial crisis has stripped the economy $ 13 trillion in equity and Americans have grown gloomier about the economy and the nation’s direction over the past few months, although it shows signs of moving to recovery. The country is persistent with high unemployment with ordinary working people continuing to fight to keep their jobs and maintain their standard of living. This is a contrast on what was happening in the 1920s. US had transformed in less than a decade to become the richest Nation in the world. High pay of $5 a day showed the low unemployment rate that existed. Industries were booming with high profits and numerous companies opened their doors to start operations. The US might be the world’s leading economy, but the current unemployment rates, the number of businesses closing their doors as a result of inability to pay their debts and the constraints the government face in order to fully fund the budget requirements are overwhelming. The government, the Fed and the whole economy need to work towards alleviating bottlenecks that cause the economy harm. They need to uphold policies that will see to it that economy does not run to the stagflation condition of the 1970s.

Civil War Essay -- essays research papers

Civil War Civil war was the greatest war in American history. It was waged in 10,000 places-from Valverde, New Mexico, and Fernandina on the Florida coast. More than three million Americans fought in it and more than 600,00 men died in it. It was not only the immensity of the fight but the new weapons, the new standards of generalship, and the strategies of destruction which made the Civil War an event present ever since in the American consciousness. Here are some of the crucial events of the war: the firing of the first shots at Fort Sumter; the battles of Shiloh, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg; Sherman's dramatic march to the sea; the surrender at Appomattox. In fact, Civil War wasn't simply the story of great battles and great generals, it was also an elaborate portrait of ourselves, American people- individuals and families, northerners and southerners, soldiers and civilians, slaves and slaveowners, rich and poor, urban and rural. Twenty years before Civil War started, South and North didn't have a good relationship already and there were many issues that they didn't agree on each other such as Clay's compromise, Fugitive slave act, Pottawatomie massacre, etc. The Southern states supported slavery because the slave population held more than 40 percent of the entire population and also they needed slavery for their industrialization. Therefore, if they freed all the slaves, someone would predict, many whites would have no jobs and many things would be up-side-down. As the result, controlling over slaves was very important for the Southern. But the Northern were opponent of slavery since the slavery population took less than 10 percent of the entire population and Southern states were already free. Then something really happened when Abraham Lincoln, a known opponent of slavery, was elected president. The Southern states then decided to secede, which meant that they were leaving the nation because they thought how could Lincoln be the president of the United States if most of the Southern didn't vote for him. Now, as we could see, our nation started to divide into two, the south and the north. During the year of 1861 to 1865, there were thousands of war between south and north and there were countless people died in it. The war immediately began when south and north fought for Fort Sumter. At Lincoln's inaug... ...enges of Reconstruction and of defining African Americans' rights. Therefore, many Moderate Republican, who made up the majority of the Republican party, angry because his failure to protect African American's rights. After congress took over the reconstruction from Johnson, they quickly passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which declared that everyone who was born in the land of United States was a citizen with full civil right, (not guarantee for voting rights). Then Fourteenth Amendment was also passed in June 1866. It required states to extend equal citizenship to African Americans and all people were born naturalized in the United States.) Then Fifteenth Amendment was passed at the following year, it pointed out that everyone should have rights of vote no matter what color the people were. Many African American children started to go to school and being educated just like everyone else. Many African Americans involves politics and protect their own rights. As we knew, countless people didn't have jobs and started die from hunger, therefore, Industrialization was needed so that those people could have jobs. Many Southern landowners turned into factory owners.

Non-Cognitivists vs. Moral Realism

Cognitive sentences are those that are dependent to facts and readily have or consist of truth values, such as true and false. Non-Cognitive Sentences constitutes statements which are independent of facts and are cannot be assumed to have a truth value. In this regards, statements such as â€Å"Girelle is stands about five feet and five inches tall† and â€Å"the vase is red† are statements which falls under the Cognitive division. While statements like â€Å"keep quiet† and â€Å"you must not lie† corresponds to Non-cognitive statements.(Marturano 2006, 1)According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, Non-cognitive holds that moral properties otherwise known as moral facts do not exist. This means that moral statements are statements that can neither be true or false or simply these statements do not contain any truth condition. Moral sentiments are merely â€Å"approval or disapproval† expressions more akin to wishes and aspirations that ar e seldom associated with emotions than to cognitive â€Å"state of mind† such as beliefs or ideas. Moral Realism on the other hand holds that moral statements were actually reports of factual actions or ideas that are always true or real or existing. ( Sayre-McCord 2005, 1)Non-cognitivist argues that moral statements have no truth conditions in such case that their predicate was merely moral utterances or sentiments that neither have truth or falsity. It does not tell anything about its subject that could prove its truthfulness. In a sense, moral sentiments are meaningless and remain to be mere expressions. They further argue that moral statements were emotive, prescriptive and motivational that cannot be classified as either true or false (Ayer 1936, 28-55) .Non-moral statements on the other hand can express beliefs and ideas that can be evaluated as either true or false (Blackburn 1984, 12-25).Thus the Non-Cognitivist holds that since moral claims are non-cognitive statemen ts, they do not contain any descriptive sentence and are therefore not describing anything at all which means that they do not contain factual statements and are not asserting anything.(Railton 1986, 4-6)The Non-cognitivist believes that normative claims are not valid of any logic since they cannot be true or false. According to Ayer, as quoted in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, â€Å"ethical claims are comprised of pseudo concepts which merely convey commands or feelings and do not contain any meaning (Marturano 2006, 1). Ethical statements remains important or significant because it is being use to persuade other people most specifically the receiver to perform or act in a certain way. In such case, ethical claims can be debated or can cause several disagreements and agreements but it can never comprise a logical understanding or reach any rational conclusion because normative claims cannot express the truth value of the statement. Thus, logical laws or basic rules of lo gic are inapplicable to moral statements (Hooker 1996, 3-5).By being a non-cognitivist, a person can deal with more relevant questions concerning reality. For instance, instead of dealing with the question of truthfulness of the statement â€Å"abortion should not be permissible†, people would be more focused on assessing the claim with respect to its effect or to its general utility. If abortion is done what would be its effect, thus basing the judgment on the factual outcome and not on mere assumption. To make this point clearer, consider the statement â€Å"genocide is wrong†, since it does not express any truth value, its assessment or its continuation would depend on its result.Non-cognitivism, by removing the truth value of normative statements has ended the dispute regarding the reality of an objective moral code or morality. This paved the way for moral relativism which favors the variation of moral codes in the different parts of the worlds at different times. This results to more respect to different cultures and traditions across national and ethnic boundaries.By denoting that moral statements are merely expression of approval/disapproval or sentiments, the non-cognitivist have also succeed in emphasizing the reason why there have been different reactions among different people regarding a certain moral issue. The varying reason as to why and how people view things differently. It also shows that moral statements cannot be true or false, thus they cannot be use to persuade other people in doing this or that.Moral realism on the other hand purports that moral statements is either true or false. The moral claim, â€Å"abortion is wrong† is either true or false. If this will be the case, there would be fixed moral codes that should apply to everyone else or at least every rational person in the planet. Yet, the relativity and subjectivity of moral statements seems to contradict the moral realist position because in different countr ies there were differing view regarding this matter and this is something that is prevalent in the reality in which we lived in. People does not agree on the same moral issue, most often they would argue differently depending on their position, biases, outlook, experiences and so on. The reason why I agree that â€Å"abortion is wrong† would be very different from your or his or her reason.In moral realism, people would continue to argue and debate over claims fruitlessly. In the end they would come up with a conclusion that is not far from being the decision of the â€Å"majority†. If moral realism are right in asserting that moral statements expresses truth value, then what people, specially influential and powerful ones would do is to persuade other people into believing that their statement is the right and whatever that contradicts their statement and purpose are wrong.Moral realism maintains that there can be â€Å"objective moral values† which contradicts the Non-cognitivist claims. However, moral realist failed to account what constitute the objective moral facts (Shafer-Landau 2005). They argued that â€Å"death penalty is wrong† can be accounted as either true or false simply because they believed that it is the same as any cognitive statement such as â€Å"it is dark†. Moral realist cannot prove that â€Å"death penalty is wrong is in fact true† for it differs from people’s opinion, perspectives and desire. There is no factual evidence that could actually prove that it is true (Stevenson1944, 15). The reality of the existence of moral facts is inaccessible to scientific inquiry and cannot be observed directly through our senses without appeal to our emotions, sentiments or feelings.References:Ayer, A. J. 1936. Language, Truth and Logic. London: GollanczBlackburn, S. 1984.   Spreading the Word. Oxford: ClarendonHare R. M. 1997. Sorting Out Ethics. Oxford: O.U.P.Hooker, Brad. 1996. Truth In Ethics. Ox ford.Kim, Shin. 2006. Moral Realism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Marturano, Anotonio. 2006. Non-Cognitivism in Ethics. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.  Railton, Peter. 1986. Moral Realism: The Philosophical Review. Vol. 95, No. 2 (Apr.,), pp. 163-207Sayre-McCord, Geoff. 2005. Moral Realism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved on September 20, 2007. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-cognitivism/  Shafer-Landau, Russ. June 15, 2005. Moral Realism: A Defense.   USA: Oxford University PressStevenson, C.L. 1944. Ethics and Language. New Haven: Yale U.P

Private Nuisance Question

FOUNDATION IN ARTS LAW OF TORT ASSIGNMENT On the facts, the claimant Garfield suffered smashed panes of glass in his green house and sustains a fractured skull when he is hit on the head by a cricket ball. The local cricket club owner(defendant) may have an action bought by Garfield(claimant) under the tort of negligence or private nuisance. The author will first discuss on negligence and then later on to private nuisance. In the novel cases where the existence of a legal duty is less obvious, the Caparo v Dickman test must be satisfied.As it was reasonably foreseeable that claimant would be injured, there was sufficient proximity and it is fair,just and reasonable to impose liability on the defendant. Hence it is arguable that the local cricket club owed Garfield duty of care as the first element under negligence can be proven. The second element which Garfield have to prove is whether the defendant breach the duty of care. To breach the legal duty of care,is to fall below the appro priate standard of care expected of the defendant when performing the act in question.In the case of Bolton v Stone,it was held that if the likelihood of harm caused by defendant was low then the likelihood of the defendant breaching of the standard of care would also be low. However,base on the facts the claimant house is built so close to the ground that it is almost inevitable that the ball would be hit over the fence and into the garden’s house from time to time. Thus the likelihood of harm is great,creating a high risk of injury to the claimant and the standard of care expected of the defendant would be higher.However,by referring back to the facts,since a 3 metre fence is erected it would seem to be sufficient to prevent injury or loss as the law does not expect the defendant to take absolute precautions(Fardon v Hercourt & Ravington). Thus Garfield’s action to bring the case under the tort of negligence would probably fail. Garfield will then be best advised to bring the case in private nuisance. Private nuisance is the special damage to those who have a landed interest whose enjoyment of it is in some way diminished.On our facts,Garfield bought the house which we can assume that he is the owner of the house who have proprietary interest or exclusive interest in the land(Hunter v Canary Wharf). Thus he may sue the defendant for private nuisance and probably seek for an injunction. One should be noted that the law of private nuisance has attempt to preserve a balance between two conflicting interests,that of one occupier in using his land that he thinks fit and that of his neighbour in the quiet enjoyment of his land(Sedleigh Denfield v O’Callaghan).By doing this,the courts will look into the issue of ‘reasonableness’. In other words the courts will assess the reasonableness(level of interference) by taking into account some factors such as locality,duration,sensitivity and public benefits. With regards to locality,it wa s clear that the claimant had suffered physical damage and damage to his property. Thus the issue of locality is irrelevant(St. Helens Smelting Co. v Tipping). By referring to a similar case, Miller v Jackson,the claimants had bought a house just next to the cricket ground and the claimants knew about it.The cricket ball kept sailing over the claimant’s house and they sought an injunction. At the mean time,the defendant erected a highest possible wire fence,install unbreakable glass and cover the claimant’s garden with safety net and ask the batsmen to keep the ball low:the claimants were not content and seek further for damages and injunction after five more balls flew in their house in 1975. The court rejected the injunction as Lord Denning said that the claimant has come with open eyes.Base on our facts,it is highly unlikely that the claimant is unaware of the existence of the ground as it has been played for nearly 100 years. Therefore,since Garfield had come with open eyes it may not be actionable as it is already a pre-existing condition at the time of the agreement. (Southwark London Borough Council v Mills) Then,with regard to the issue of duration and seriousness,the law states that the longer the interference goes on the more likely it is to be unreasonable. However,a nuisance need not necessarily last long.If the time to carry out the activities are unreasonable or the degree of seriousness is high it could still amount to nuisance(Crown River Cruise Ltd v Kimbolton Fireworks Ltd). Coming back to the facts,after the incident having two cricket balls smashed the glass in his greenhouse,the next hit was few weeks later which caused Garfield to sustain fractured skull. Thus it may not seem to be unreasonable as the next hit was a few weeks after the first hit. But,having a fractured skull after being hit maybe serious and the court might consider it as a factor to issue the injunction.However,it is arguable on the basis of sensitivity if the force use for the hit was not too excessive or unreasonable and if Garfield have had injury on the head before the hit then the defendant may not be held nuisance. (Robinson v Kilvert) If the nuisance is established,the defendant will try to raise the possible defence which is prescription since the cricket has been played on the ground for nearly a hundred years. However the defence of prescription would only applicable if the claimant have beared with the nuisance for twenty years and not when the defendant’s started the activities(Sturges v Bridgman).Thus the defence may succeed if the defendant have moved in and beared with the nuisance for twenty years or more. The defendant would also raise the issue of public interest. The court would inevitably concerned to some extent with the utility or general benefit to the community of defendant’s activities. This means if the claimants actions is of importance, the risks that may happen when completing these actions m ay be acceptable(Watt v Hertfordshire).However,the court will not accept the argument that the claimant should put up with the harm because it is beneficial to the community as a whole(Bellow v Cement co. ). If Garfield purpose of suing is to restrict the nuisance,the only remedy that he can sought against the cricket club is a prohibitory injunction. It is an equitable remedy use to put a stop to certain offensive activities that affect the claimant continuosly and it will only be awarded if the court felt that it is necessarily to. If the nuisance is temporary and occasionally an injunction may not be issued.In conclusion,eventhough Garfield did experience private nuisance,the activities carried out by the defendant seem to be reasonable. Unless Garfield can prove that the degree of seriousness caused by the defendant is unreasonable,the defendant would probably not be liable. Furthermore if Garfield wants to claim compensation for the fractured skull he have to bring the case und er the tort of negligence as nuisance claims are limited to loss of enjoyment of land. However,as mentioned earlier that breach of duty could not be proved therefore the defendant would probably not be liable.

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